Which of the following is a significant risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily associated with preterm birth, but certain factors can elevate the risk even further. C-section delivery, particularly if it is performed before the onset of labor, may increase the likelihood of RDS in newborns due to the lack of natural labor which plays a critical role in lung maturity. During labor, the stress of contractions promotes the release of adrenal hormones that facilitate the production of surfactant, a substance essential for the functioning of the lungs after birth.

In cases where a C-section is planned or performed prematurely, the newborn may not receive the hormonal benefits that help prepare their lungs for breathing in the air, potentially leading to the development of respiratory distress syndrome.

Factors such as low birth weight and prenatal smoking exposure also contribute to the risk of RDS. Low birth weight is commonly associated with prematurity, which is a significant risk factor for RDS, while prenatal smoking can affect fetal lung development adversely. However, these factors do not specifically relate to the immediate effects of delivery method as C-section does. Full-term birth, on the other hand, typically reduces the risk of RDS since infants born at term have had sufficient time for lung development and surfactant production.

Overall, C