Which of the following is a risk factor for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy?

Low birth weight is indeed a known risk factor for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). This condition occurs when an infant suffers from a lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain, which can lead to serious neurological impairments. Infants born with low birth weight, often due to preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction, are at greater risk for various complications, including HIE. The smaller size and underdeveloped organs mean these infants can have less physiological reserve, making them more vulnerable to events that can disrupt oxygen delivery to the brain.

In contrast, while excessive maternal weight gain, multiple gestation, and parental age can influence pregnancy outcomes and may be associated with various risks, they do not have the same direct link to HIE as low birth weight does. Monitoring and addressing low birth weight is critical in neonatal care settings to prevent or mitigate the risks of HIE and other associated complications.