What potential complication arises from prolonged mechanical ventilation in infants?

Prolonged mechanical ventilation in infants, particularly those who are premature or have underdeveloped lungs, can lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This condition is characterized by an inflammatory response in the lungs due to oxygen use and mechanical stress from ventilatory support. The exposure to high levels of oxygen and the barotrauma from positive pressure ventilation can damage lung tissue, leading to scarring and impaired lung development.

BPD is particularly concerning as it can cause long-term respiratory issues, impacting the infant's overall health and development. Infants with BPD often require ongoing medical management and are at increased risk for recurrent respiratory infections and other complications later in childhood. The other options do not typically result from the mechanical ventilation itself but are related to different aspects of neonatal care or can arise from other causes.