What is respiratory distress syndrome characterized by?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily characterized by difficulty in breathing that typically manifests within the first few hours of life, often between 3 to 6 hours. This condition is especially common in premature infants whose lungs have not fully developed, leading to a deficiency in surfactant—a substance that helps keep the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) open.

The early onset of respiratory difficulty in these newborns is reflective of their immature respiratory systems and is an important diagnostic criterion for RDS. The inability to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation translates into significant breathing challenges for the infant shortly after birth. Immediate recognition and intervention are crucial to manage the symptoms effectively and prevent severe complications.

Other options do not accurately depict the typical presentation of respiratory distress syndrome. For instance, gradual onset of coughing does not align with the acute respiratory issues seen in RDS, while delayed skin coloration is more commonly associated with other conditions such as asphyxia. Intense crying right after birth may suggest healthy respiratory function, as a strong cry often indicates effective air entry into the lungs, which is contrary to the respiratory distress observed in RDS.