What are the most common causes of respiratory distress in neonates?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most common cause of respiratory distress in neonates, particularly among preterm infants. This condition is primarily due to a deficiency in surfactant, a substance crucial for reducing surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs. Without adequate surfactant, the alveoli collapse, leading to impaired gas exchange, decreased lung compliance, and increased work of breathing.

The incidence of RDS is significantly higher in premature infants because surfactant production typically begins around 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and reaches sufficient levels closer to term. Consequently, infants born before this timeframe are more at risk for developing this condition, which is characterized by tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, and retractions.

While heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux, and neonatal sepsis can also cause respiratory distress, they are less prevalent as initial causes compared to respiratory distress syndrome. Understanding the prevalence and underlying mechanisms of RDS allows healthcare providers to implement preventive measures, such as administering antenatal corticosteroids to mothers at risk of preterm delivery, which can help enhance surfactant production in the fetus.